src/Unix/sigsegv.cpp

/*
 *  sigsegv.cpp - SIGSEGV signals support
 *
 *  Derived from Bruno Haible's work on his SIGSEGV library for clisp
 *  <http://clisp.sourceforge.net/>
 *
 *  MacOS X support derived from the post by Timothy J. Wood to the
 *  omnigroup macosx-dev list:
 *    Mach Exception Handlers 101 (Was Re: ptrace, gdb)
 *    tjw@omnigroup.com Sun, 4 Jun 2000
 *    www.omnigroup.com/mailman/archive/macosx-dev/2000-June/002030.html
 *
 *  Basilisk II (C) 1997-2002 Christian Bauer
 *
 *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 *  (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *  along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 *  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 */

#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif

#include <list>
#include <signal.h>
#include "sigsegv.h"

#ifndef NO_STD_NAMESPACE
using std::list;
#endif

// Return value type of a signal handler (standard type if not defined)
#ifndef RETSIGTYPE
#define RETSIGTYPE void
#endif

// Type of the system signal handler
typedef RETSIGTYPE (*signal_handler)(int);

// User's SIGSEGV handler
static sigsegv_fault_handler_t sigsegv_fault_handler = 0;

// Function called to dump state if we can't handle the fault
static sigsegv_state_dumper_t sigsegv_state_dumper = 0;

// Actual SIGSEGV handler installer
static bool sigsegv_do_install_handler(int sig);


/*
 *  Instruction decoding aids
 */

// Transfer size
enum transfer_size_t {
        SIZE_UNKNOWN,
        SIZE_BYTE,
        SIZE_WORD, // 2 bytes
        SIZE_LONG, // 4 bytes
        SIZE_QUAD, // 8 bytes
};

// Transfer type
typedef sigsegv_transfer_type_t transfer_type_t;

#if (defined(powerpc) || defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__ppc__))
// Addressing mode
enum addressing_mode_t {
        MODE_UNKNOWN,
        MODE_NORM,
        MODE_U,
        MODE_X,
        MODE_UX
};

// Decoded instruction
struct instruction_t {
        transfer_type_t         transfer_type;
        transfer_size_t         transfer_size;
        addressing_mode_t       addr_mode;
        unsigned int            addr;
        char                            ra, rd;
};

static void powerpc_decode_instruction(instruction_t *instruction, unsigned int nip, unsigned int * gpr)
{
        // Get opcode and divide into fields
        unsigned int opcode = *((unsigned int *)nip);
        unsigned int primop = opcode >> 26;
        unsigned int exop = (opcode >> 1) & 0x3ff;
        unsigned int ra = (opcode >> 16) & 0x1f;
        unsigned int rb = (opcode >> 11) & 0x1f;
        unsigned int rd = (opcode >> 21) & 0x1f;
        signed int imm = (signed short)(opcode & 0xffff);
        
        // Analyze opcode
        transfer_type_t transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_UNKNOWN;
        transfer_size_t transfer_size = SIZE_UNKNOWN;
        addressing_mode_t addr_mode = MODE_UNKNOWN;
        switch (primop) {
        case 31:
                switch (exop) {
                case 23:        // lwzx
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_LONG; addr_mode = MODE_X; break;
                case 55:        // lwzux
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_LONG; addr_mode = MODE_UX; break;
                case 87:        // lbzx
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_BYTE; addr_mode = MODE_X; break;
                case 119:       // lbzux
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_BYTE; addr_mode = MODE_UX; break;
                case 151:       // stwx
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE; transfer_size = SIZE_LONG; addr_mode = MODE_X; break;
                case 183:       // stwux
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE; transfer_size = SIZE_LONG; addr_mode = MODE_UX; break;
                case 215:       // stbx
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE; transfer_size = SIZE_BYTE; addr_mode = MODE_X; break;
                case 247:       // stbux
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE; transfer_size = SIZE_BYTE; addr_mode = MODE_UX; break;
                case 279:       // lhzx
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_WORD; addr_mode = MODE_X; break;
                case 311:       // lhzux
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_WORD; addr_mode = MODE_UX; break;
                case 343:       // lhax
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_WORD; addr_mode = MODE_X; break;
                case 375:       // lhaux
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_WORD; addr_mode = MODE_UX; break;
                case 407:       // sthx
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE; transfer_size = SIZE_WORD; addr_mode = MODE_X; break;
                case 439:       // sthux
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE; transfer_size = SIZE_WORD; addr_mode = MODE_UX; break;
                }
                break;
        
        case 32:        // lwz
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_LONG; addr_mode = MODE_NORM; break;
        case 33:        // lwzu
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_LONG; addr_mode = MODE_U; break;
        case 34:        // lbz
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_BYTE; addr_mode = MODE_NORM; break;
        case 35:        // lbzu
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_BYTE; addr_mode = MODE_U; break;
        case 36:        // stw
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE; transfer_size = SIZE_LONG; addr_mode = MODE_NORM; break;
        case 37:        // stwu
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE; transfer_size = SIZE_LONG; addr_mode = MODE_U; break;
        case 38:        // stb
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE; transfer_size = SIZE_BYTE; addr_mode = MODE_NORM; break;
        case 39:        // stbu
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE; transfer_size = SIZE_BYTE; addr_mode = MODE_U; break;
        case 40:        // lhz
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_WORD; addr_mode = MODE_NORM; break;
        case 41:        // lhzu
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_WORD; addr_mode = MODE_U; break;
        case 42:        // lha
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_WORD; addr_mode = MODE_NORM; break;
        case 43:        // lhau
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD; transfer_size = SIZE_WORD; addr_mode = MODE_U; break;
        case 44:        // sth
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE; transfer_size = SIZE_WORD; addr_mode = MODE_NORM; break;
        case 45:        // sthu
                transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE; transfer_size = SIZE_WORD; addr_mode = MODE_U; break;
        }
        
        // Calculate effective address
        unsigned int addr = 0;
        switch (addr_mode) {
        case MODE_X:
        case MODE_UX:
                if (ra == 0)
                        addr = gpr[rb];
                else
                        addr = gpr[ra] + gpr[rb];
                break;
        case MODE_NORM:
        case MODE_U:
                if (ra == 0)
                        addr = (signed int)(signed short)imm;
                else
                        addr = gpr[ra] + (signed int)(signed short)imm;
                break;
        default:
                break;
        }
        
        // Commit decoded instruction
        instruction->addr = addr;
        instruction->addr_mode = addr_mode;
        instruction->transfer_type = transfer_type;
        instruction->transfer_size = transfer_size;
        instruction->ra = ra;
        instruction->rd = rd;
}
#endif


/*
 *  OS-dependant SIGSEGV signals support section
 */

#if HAVE_SIGINFO_T
// Generic extended signal handler
#if defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
#define SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS                             FAULT_HANDLER(SIGBUS)
#else
#define SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS                             FAULT_HANDLER(SIGSEGV)
#endif
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, siginfo_t *sip, void *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST_1 siginfo_t *sip, void *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sip, scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   sip->si_addr
#if (defined(sgi) || defined(__sgi))
#include <ucontext.h>
#define SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS                    (((ucontext_t *)scp)->uc_mcontext.gregs)
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               (unsigned long)SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS[CTX_EPC]
#if (defined(mips) || defined(__mips))
#define SIGSEGV_REGISTER_FILE                   SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS
#define SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION                mips_skip_instruction
#endif
#endif
#if defined(__sun__)
#if (defined(sparc) || defined(__sparc__))
#include <sys/ucontext.h>
#define SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS                    (((ucontext_t *)scp)->uc_mcontext.gregs)
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS[REG_PC]
#endif
#endif
#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
#if (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__))
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               (((struct sigcontext *)scp)->sc_eip)
#define SIGSEGV_REGISTER_FILE                   ((unsigned long *)&(((struct sigcontext *)scp)->sc_edi)) /* EDI is the first GPR (even below EIP) in sigcontext */
#define SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION                ix86_skip_instruction
#endif
#endif
#if defined(__linux__)
#if (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__))
#include <sys/ucontext.h>
#define SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS                    (((ucontext_t *)scp)->uc_mcontext.gregs)
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS[14] /* should use REG_EIP instead */
#define SIGSEGV_REGISTER_FILE                   (unsigned long *)SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS
#define SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION                ix86_skip_instruction
#endif
#if (defined(x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__))
#include <sys/ucontext.h>
#define SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS                    (((ucontext_t *)scp)->uc_mcontext.gregs)
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS[16] /* should use REG_RIP instead */
#define SIGSEGV_REGISTER_FILE                   (unsigned long *)SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS
#define SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION                ix86_skip_instruction
#endif
#if (defined(ia64) || defined(__ia64__))
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               (((struct sigcontext *)scp)->sc_ip & ~0x3ULL) /* slot number is in bits 0 and 1 */
#endif
#if (defined(powerpc) || defined(__powerpc__))
#include <sys/ucontext.h>
#define SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS                    (((ucontext_t *)scp)->uc_mcontext.regs)
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               (SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS->nip)
#define SIGSEGV_REGISTER_FILE                   (unsigned int *)&SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS->nip, (unsigned int *)(SIGSEGV_CONTEXT_REGS->gpr)
#define SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION                powerpc_skip_instruction
#endif
#endif
#endif

#if HAVE_SIGCONTEXT_SUBTERFUGE
// Linux kernels prior to 2.4 ?
#if defined(__linux__)
#define SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS                             FAULT_HANDLER(SIGSEGV)
#if (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__))
#include <asm/sigcontext.h>
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, struct sigcontext scs
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST_1 struct sigcontext *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              &scs
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   scp->cr2
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               scp->eip
#define SIGSEGV_REGISTER_FILE                   (unsigned long *)scp
#define SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION                ix86_skip_instruction
#endif
#if (defined(sparc) || defined(__sparc__))
#include <asm/sigcontext.h>
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, int code, struct sigcontext *scp, char *addr
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sig, code, scp, addr
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   addr
#endif
#if (defined(powerpc) || defined(__powerpc__))
#include <asm/sigcontext.h>
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, struct sigcontext *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sig, scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   scp->regs->dar
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               scp->regs->nip
#define SIGSEGV_REGISTER_FILE                   (unsigned int *)&scp->regs->nip, (unsigned int *)(scp->regs->gpr)
#define SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION                powerpc_skip_instruction
#endif
#if (defined(alpha) || defined(__alpha__))
#include <asm/sigcontext.h>
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, int code, struct sigcontext *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sig, code, scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   get_fault_address(scp)
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               scp->sc_pc
#endif
#endif

// Irix 5 or 6 on MIPS
#if (defined(sgi) || defined(__sgi)) && (defined(SYSTYPE_SVR4) || defined(_SYSTYPE_SVR4))
#include <ucontext.h>
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, int code, struct sigcontext *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sig, code, scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   (unsigned long)scp->sc_badvaddr
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               (unsigned long)scp->sc_pc
#define SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS                             FAULT_HANDLER(SIGSEGV)
#endif

// HP-UX
#if (defined(hpux) || defined(__hpux__))
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, int code, struct sigcontext *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sig, code, scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   scp->sc_sl.sl_ss.ss_narrow.ss_cr21
#define SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS                             FAULT_HANDLER(SIGSEGV) FAULT_HANDLER(SIGBUS)
#endif

// OSF/1 on Alpha
#if defined(__osf__)
#include <ucontext.h>
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, int code, struct sigcontext *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sig, code, scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   scp->sc_traparg_a0
#define SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS                             FAULT_HANDLER(SIGSEGV)
#endif

// AIX
#if defined(_AIX)
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, int code, struct sigcontext *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sig, code, scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   scp->sc_jmpbuf.jmp_context.o_vaddr
#define SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS                             FAULT_HANDLER(SIGSEGV)
#endif

// NetBSD
#if defined(__NetBSD__)
#if (defined(m68k) || defined(__m68k__))
#include <m68k/frame.h>
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, int code, struct sigcontext *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sig, code, scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   get_fault_address(scp)
#define SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS                             FAULT_HANDLER(SIGSEGV)

// Use decoding scheme from BasiliskII/m68k native
static sigsegv_address_t get_fault_address(struct sigcontext *scp)
{
        struct sigstate {
                int ss_flags;
                struct frame ss_frame;
        };
        struct sigstate *state = (struct sigstate *)scp->sc_ap;
        char *fault_addr;
        switch (state->ss_frame.f_format) {
        case 7:         /* 68040 access error */
                /* "code" is sometimes unreliable (i.e. contains NULL or a bogus address), reason unknown */
                fault_addr = state->ss_frame.f_fmt7.f_fa;
                break;
        default:
                fault_addr = (char *)code;
                break;
        }
        return (sigsegv_address_t)fault_addr;
}
#endif
#if (defined(alpha) || defined(__alpha__))
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, int code, struct sigcontext *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sig, code, scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   get_fault_address(scp)
#define SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS                             FAULT_HANDLER(SIGBUS)
#endif
#if (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__))
#error "FIXME: need to decode instruction and compute EA"
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, int code, struct sigcontext *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sig, code, scp
#define SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS                             FAULT_HANDLER(SIGSEGV)
#endif
#endif
#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
#define SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS                             FAULT_HANDLER(SIGBUS)
#if (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__))
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, int code, struct sigcontext *scp, char *addr
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sig, code, scp, addr
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   addr
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               scp->sc_eip
#define SIGSEGV_REGISTER_FILE                   ((unsigned long *)&scp->sc_edi)
#define SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION                ix86_skip_instruction
#endif
#endif

// Extract fault address out of a sigcontext
#if (defined(alpha) || defined(__alpha__))
// From Boehm's GC 6.0alpha8
static sigsegv_address_t get_fault_address(struct sigcontext *scp)
{
        unsigned int instruction = *((unsigned int *)(scp->sc_pc));
        unsigned long fault_address = scp->sc_regs[(instruction >> 16) & 0x1f];
        fault_address += (signed long)(signed short)(instruction & 0xffff);
        return (sigsegv_address_t)fault_address;
}
#endif


// MacOS X, not sure which version this works in. Under 10.1
// vm_protect does not appear to work from a signal handler. Under
// 10.2 signal handlers get siginfo type arguments but the si_addr
// field is the address of the faulting instruction and not the
// address that caused the SIGBUS. Maybe this works in 10.0? In any
// case with Mach exception handlers there is a way to do what this
// was meant to do.
#ifndef HAVE_MACH_EXCEPTIONS
#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
#if (defined(ppc) || defined(__ppc__))
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   int sig, int code, struct sigcontext *scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              sig, code, scp
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   get_fault_address(scp)
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               scp->sc_ir
#define SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS                             FAULT_HANDLER(SIGBUS)
#define SIGSEGV_REGISTER_FILE                   (unsigned int *)&scp->sc_ir, &((unsigned int *) scp->sc_regs)[2]
#define SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION                powerpc_skip_instruction

// Use decoding scheme from SheepShaver
static sigsegv_address_t get_fault_address(struct sigcontext *scp)
{
        unsigned int   nip = (unsigned int) scp->sc_ir;
        unsigned int * gpr = &((unsigned int *) scp->sc_regs)[2];
        instruction_t  instr;

        powerpc_decode_instruction(&instr, nip, gpr);
        return (sigsegv_address_t)instr.addr;
}
#endif
#endif
#endif
#endif

#if HAVE_MACH_EXCEPTIONS

// This can easily be extended to other Mach systems, but really who
// uses HURD (oops GNU/HURD), Darwin/x86, NextStep, Rhapsody, or CMU
// Mach 2.5/3.0?
#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>

/*
 * If you are familiar with MIG then you will understand the frustration
 * that was necessary to get these embedded into C++ code by hand.
 */
extern "C" {
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <mach/mach_error.h>

extern boolean_t exc_server(mach_msg_header_t *, mach_msg_header_t *);
extern kern_return_t catch_exception_raise(mach_port_t, mach_port_t,
        mach_port_t, exception_type_t, exception_data_t, mach_msg_type_number_t);
extern kern_return_t exception_raise(mach_port_t, mach_port_t, mach_port_t,
        exception_type_t, exception_data_t, mach_msg_type_number_t);
extern kern_return_t exception_raise_state(mach_port_t, exception_type_t,
        exception_data_t, mach_msg_type_number_t, thread_state_flavor_t *,
        thread_state_t, mach_msg_type_number_t, thread_state_t, mach_msg_type_number_t *);
extern kern_return_t exception_raise_state_identity(mach_port_t, mach_port_t, mach_port_t,
        exception_type_t, exception_data_t, mach_msg_type_number_t, thread_state_flavor_t *,
        thread_state_t, mach_msg_type_number_t, thread_state_t, mach_msg_type_number_t *);
}

// Could make this dynamic by looking for a result of MIG_ARRAY_TOO_LARGE
#define HANDLER_COUNT 64

// structure to tuck away existing exception handlers
typedef struct _ExceptionPorts {
        mach_msg_type_number_t maskCount;
        exception_mask_t masks[HANDLER_COUNT];
        exception_handler_t handlers[HANDLER_COUNT];
        exception_behavior_t behaviors[HANDLER_COUNT];
        thread_state_flavor_t flavors[HANDLER_COUNT];
} ExceptionPorts;

// exception handler thread
static pthread_t exc_thread;

// place where old exception handler info is stored
static ExceptionPorts ports;

// our exception port
static mach_port_t _exceptionPort = MACH_PORT_NULL;

#define MACH_CHECK_ERROR(name,ret) \
if (ret != KERN_SUCCESS) { \
        mach_error(#name, ret); \
        exit (1); \
}

#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS                   code[1]
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               get_fault_instruction(thread, state)
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_INVOKE(ADDR, IP)  ((code[0] == KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE) ? sigsegv_fault_handler(ADDR, IP) : SIGSEGV_RETURN_FAILURE)
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST   mach_port_t thread, exception_data_t code, ppc_thread_state_t *state
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS              thread, code, &state
#define SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION                powerpc_skip_instruction
#define SIGSEGV_REGISTER_FILE                   &state->srr0, &state->r0

// Given a suspended thread, stuff the current instruction and
// registers into state.
//
// It would have been nice to have this be ppc/x86 independant which
// could have been done easily with a thread_state_t instead of
// ppc_thread_state_t, but because of the way this is called it is
// easier to do it this way.
#if (defined(ppc) || defined(__ppc__))
static inline sigsegv_address_t get_fault_instruction(mach_port_t thread, ppc_thread_state_t *state)
{
        kern_return_t krc;
        mach_msg_type_number_t count;

        count = MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_COUNT;
        krc = thread_get_state(thread, MACHINE_THREAD_STATE, (thread_state_t)state, &count);
        MACH_CHECK_ERROR (thread_get_state, krc);

        return (sigsegv_address_t)state->srr0;
}
#endif

// Since there can only be one exception thread running at any time
// this is not a problem.
#define MSG_SIZE 512
static char msgbuf[MSG_SIZE];
static char replybuf[MSG_SIZE];

/*
 * This is the entry point for the exception handler thread. The job
 * of this thread is to wait for exception messages on the exception
 * port that was setup beforehand and to pass them on to exc_server.
 * exc_server is a MIG generated function that is a part of Mach.
 * Its job is to decide what to do with the exception message. In our
 * case exc_server calls catch_exception_raise on our behalf. After
 * exc_server returns, it is our responsibility to send the reply.
 */
static void *
handleExceptions(void *priv)
{
        mach_msg_header_t *msg, *reply;
        kern_return_t krc;

        msg = (mach_msg_header_t *)msgbuf;
        reply = (mach_msg_header_t *)replybuf;

        for (;;) {
                krc = mach_msg(msg, MACH_RCV_MSG, MSG_SIZE, MSG_SIZE,
                                _exceptionPort, 0, MACH_PORT_NULL);
                MACH_CHECK_ERROR(mach_msg, krc);

                if (!exc_server(msg, reply)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "exc_server hated the message\n");
                        exit(1);
                }

                krc = mach_msg(reply, MACH_SEND_MSG, reply->msgh_size, 0,
                                 msg->msgh_local_port, 0, MACH_PORT_NULL);
                if (krc != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "Error sending message to original reply port, krc = %d, %s",
                                krc, mach_error_string(krc));
                        exit(1);
                }
        }
}
#endif
#endif


/*
 *  Instruction skipping
 */

#ifdef HAVE_SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION
// Decode and skip X86 instruction
#if (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__)) || defined(__x86_64__)
#if defined(__linux__)
enum {
#if (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__))
        X86_REG_EIP = 14,
        X86_REG_EAX = 11,
        X86_REG_ECX = 10,
        X86_REG_EDX = 9,
        X86_REG_EBX = 8,
        X86_REG_ESP = 7,
        X86_REG_EBP = 6,
        X86_REG_ESI = 5,
        X86_REG_EDI = 4
#endif
#if defined(__x86_64__)
        X86_REG_R8  = 0,
        X86_REG_R9  = 1,
        X86_REG_R10 = 2,
        X86_REG_R11 = 3,
        X86_REG_R12 = 4,
        X86_REG_R13 = 5,
        X86_REG_R14 = 6,
        X86_REG_R15 = 7,
        X86_REG_EDI = 8,
        X86_REG_ESI = 9,
        X86_REG_EBP = 10,
        X86_REG_EBX = 11,
        X86_REG_EDX = 12,
        X86_REG_EAX = 13,
        X86_REG_ECX = 14,
        X86_REG_ESP = 15,
        X86_REG_EIP = 16
#endif
};
#endif
#if defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
enum {
#if (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__))
        X86_REG_EIP = 10,
        X86_REG_EAX = 7,
        X86_REG_ECX = 6,
        X86_REG_EDX = 5,
        X86_REG_EBX = 4,
        X86_REG_ESP = 13,
        X86_REG_EBP = 2,
        X86_REG_ESI = 1,
        X86_REG_EDI = 0
#endif
};
#endif
// FIXME: this is partly redundant with the instruction decoding phase
// to discover transfer type and register number
static inline int ix86_step_over_modrm(unsigned char * p)
{
        int mod = (p[0] >> 6) & 3;
        int rm = p[0] & 7;
        int offset = 0;

        // ModR/M Byte
        switch (mod) {
        case 0: // [reg]
                if (rm == 5) return 4; // disp32
                break;
        case 1: // disp8[reg]
                offset = 1;
                break;
        case 2: // disp32[reg]
                offset = 4;
                break;
        case 3: // register
                return 0;
        }
        
        // SIB Byte
        if (rm == 4) {
                if (mod == 0 && (p[1] & 7) == 5)
                        offset = 5; // disp32[index]
                else
                        offset++;
        }

        return offset;
}

static bool ix86_skip_instruction(unsigned long * regs)
{
        unsigned char * eip = (unsigned char *)regs[X86_REG_EIP];

        if (eip == 0)
                return false;
        
        transfer_type_t transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_UNKNOWN;
        transfer_size_t transfer_size = SIZE_LONG;
        
        int reg = -1;
        int len = 0;

#if DEBUG
        printf("IP: %p [%02x %02x %02x %02x...]\n",
                   eip, eip[0], eip[1], eip[2], eip[3]);
#endif

        // Operand size prefix
        if (*eip == 0x66) {
                eip++;
                len++;
                transfer_size = SIZE_WORD;
        }

        // REX prefix
#if defined(__x86_64__)
        struct rex_t {
                unsigned char W;
                unsigned char R;
                unsigned char X;
                unsigned char B;
        };
        rex_t rex = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
        bool has_rex = false;
        if ((*eip & 0xf0) == 0x40) {
                has_rex = true;
                const unsigned char b = *eip;
                rex.W = b & (1 << 3);
                rex.R = b & (1 << 2);
                rex.X = b & (1 << 1);
                rex.B = b & (1 << 0);
#if DEBUG
                printf("REX: %c,%c,%c,%c\n",
                           rex.W ? 'W' : '_',
                           rex.R ? 'R' : '_',
                           rex.X ? 'X' : '_',
                           rex.B ? 'B' : '_');
#endif
                eip++;
                len++;
                if (rex.W)
                        transfer_size = SIZE_QUAD;
        }
#else
        const bool has_rex = false;
#endif

        // Decode instruction
        switch (eip[0]) {
        case 0x0f:
            switch (eip[1]) {
            case 0xb6: // MOVZX r32, r/m8
            case 0xb7: // MOVZX r32, r/m16
                switch (eip[2] & 0xc0) {
                case 0x80:
                    reg = (eip[2] >> 3) & 7;
                    transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
                    break;
                case 0x40:
                    reg = (eip[2] >> 3) & 7;
                    transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
                    break;
                case 0x00:
                    reg = (eip[2] >> 3) & 7;
                    transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
                    break;
                }
                len += 3 + ix86_step_over_modrm(eip + 2);
                break;
            }
          break;
        case 0x8a: // MOV r8, r/m8
                transfer_size = SIZE_BYTE;
        case 0x8b: // MOV r32, r/m32 (or 16-bit operation)
                switch (eip[1] & 0xc0) {
                case 0x80:
                        reg = (eip[1] >> 3) & 7;
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
                        break;
                case 0x40:
                        reg = (eip[1] >> 3) & 7;
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
                        break;
                case 0x00:
                        reg = (eip[1] >> 3) & 7;
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
                        break;
                }
                len += 2 + ix86_step_over_modrm(eip + 1);
                break;
        case 0x88: // MOV r/m8, r8
                transfer_size = SIZE_BYTE;
        case 0x89: // MOV r/m32, r32 (or 16-bit operation)
                switch (eip[1] & 0xc0) {
                case 0x80:
                        reg = (eip[1] >> 3) & 7;
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE;
                        break;
                case 0x40:
                        reg = (eip[1] >> 3) & 7;
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE;
                        break;
                case 0x00:
                        reg = (eip[1] >> 3) & 7;
                        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE;
                        break;
                }
                len += 2 + ix86_step_over_modrm(eip + 1);
                break;
        }

        if (transfer_type == SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_UNKNOWN) {
                // Unknown machine code, let it crash. Then patch the decoder
                return false;
        }

#if defined(__x86_64__)
        if (rex.R)
                reg += 8;
#endif

        if (transfer_type == SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD && reg != -1) {
                static const int x86_reg_map[] = {
                        X86_REG_EAX, X86_REG_ECX, X86_REG_EDX, X86_REG_EBX,
                        X86_REG_ESP, X86_REG_EBP, X86_REG_ESI, X86_REG_EDI,
#if defined(__x86_64__)
                        X86_REG_R8,  X86_REG_R9,  X86_REG_R10, X86_REG_R11,
                        X86_REG_R12, X86_REG_R13, X86_REG_R14, X86_REG_R15,
#endif
                };
                
                if (reg < 0 || reg >= (sizeof(x86_reg_map)/sizeof(x86_reg_map[0]) - 1))
                        return false;

                // Set 0 to the relevant register part
                // NOTE: this is only valid for MOV alike instructions
                int rloc = x86_reg_map[reg];
                switch (transfer_size) {
                case SIZE_BYTE:
                        if (has_rex || reg < 4)
                                regs[rloc] = (regs[rloc] & ~0x00ffL);
                        else {
                                rloc = x86_reg_map[reg - 4];
                                regs[rloc] = (regs[rloc] & ~0xff00L);
                        }
                        break;
                case SIZE_WORD:
                        regs[rloc] = (regs[rloc] & ~0xffffL);
                        break;
                case SIZE_LONG:
                case SIZE_QUAD: // zero-extension
                        regs[rloc] = 0;
                        break;
                }
        }

#if DEBUG
        printf("%08x: %s %s access", regs[X86_REG_EIP],
                   transfer_size == SIZE_BYTE ? "byte" :
                   transfer_size == SIZE_WORD ? "word" :
                   transfer_size == SIZE_LONG ? "long" :
                   transfer_size == SIZE_QUAD ? "quad" : "unknown",
                   transfer_type == SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD ? "read" : "write");
        
        if (reg != -1) {
                static const char * x86_byte_reg_str_map[] = {
                        "al",   "cl",   "dl",   "bl",
                        "spl",  "bpl",  "sil",  "dil",
                        "r8b",  "r9b",  "r10b", "r11b",
                        "r12b", "r13b", "r14b", "r15b",
                        "ah",   "ch",   "dh",   "bh",
                };
                static const char * x86_word_reg_str_map[] = {
                        "ax",   "cx",   "dx",   "bx",
                        "sp",   "bp",   "si",   "di",
                        "r8w",  "r9w",  "r10w", "r11w",
                        "r12w", "r13w", "r14w", "r15w",
                };
                static const char *x86_long_reg_str_map[] = {
                        "eax",  "ecx",  "edx",  "ebx",
                        "esp",  "ebp",  "esi",  "edi",
                        "r8d",  "r9d",  "r10d", "r11d",
                        "r12d", "r13d", "r14d", "r15d",
                };
                static const char *x86_quad_reg_str_map[] = {
                        "rax", "rcx", "rdx", "rbx",
                        "rsp", "rbp", "rsi", "rdi",
                        "r8",  "r9",  "r10", "r11",
                        "r12", "r13", "r14", "r15",
                };
                const char * reg_str = NULL;
                switch (transfer_size) {
                case SIZE_BYTE:
                        reg_str = x86_byte_reg_str_map[(!has_rex && reg >= 4 ? 12 : 0) + reg];
                        break;
                case SIZE_WORD: reg_str = x86_word_reg_str_map[reg]; break;
                case SIZE_LONG: reg_str = x86_long_reg_str_map[reg]; break;
                case SIZE_QUAD: reg_str = x86_quad_reg_str_map[reg]; break;
                }
                if (reg_str)
                        printf(" %s register %%%s",
                                   transfer_type == SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD ? "to" : "from",
                                   reg_str);
        }
        printf(", %d bytes instruction\n", len);
#endif
        
        regs[X86_REG_EIP] += len;
        return true;
}
#endif

// Decode and skip PPC instruction
#if (defined(powerpc) || defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__ppc__))
static bool powerpc_skip_instruction(unsigned int * nip_p, unsigned int * regs)
{
        instruction_t instr;
        powerpc_decode_instruction(&instr, *nip_p, regs);
        
        if (instr.transfer_type == SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_UNKNOWN) {
                // Unknown machine code, let it crash. Then patch the decoder
                return false;
        }

#if DEBUG
        printf("%08x: %s %s access", *nip_p,
                   instr.transfer_size == SIZE_BYTE ? "byte" : instr.transfer_size == SIZE_WORD ? "word" : "long",
                   instr.transfer_type == SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD ? "read" : "write");
        
        if (instr.addr_mode == MODE_U || instr.addr_mode == MODE_UX)
                printf(" r%d (ra = %08x)\n", instr.ra, instr.addr);
        if (instr.transfer_type == SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD)
                printf(" r%d (rd = 0)\n", instr.rd);
#endif
        
        if (instr.addr_mode == MODE_U || instr.addr_mode == MODE_UX)
                regs[instr.ra] = instr.addr;
        if (instr.transfer_type == SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD)
                regs[instr.rd] = 0;
        
        *nip_p += 4;
        return true;
}
#endif

// Decode and skip MIPS instruction
#if (defined(mips) || defined(__mips))
enum {
#if (defined(sgi) || defined(__sgi))
  MIPS_REG_EPC = 35,
#endif
};
static bool mips_skip_instruction(greg_t * regs)
{
  unsigned int * epc = (unsigned int *)(unsigned long)regs[MIPS_REG_EPC];

  if (epc == 0)
        return false;

#if DEBUG
  printf("IP: %p [%08x]\n", epc, epc[0]);
#endif

  transfer_type_t transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_UNKNOWN;
  transfer_size_t transfer_size = SIZE_LONG;
  int direction = 0;

  const unsigned int opcode = epc[0];
  switch (opcode >> 26) {
  case 32: // Load Byte
  case 36: // Load Byte Unsigned
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
        transfer_size = SIZE_BYTE;
        break;
  case 33: // Load Halfword
  case 37: // Load Halfword Unsigned
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
        transfer_size = SIZE_WORD;
        break;
  case 35: // Load Word
  case 39: // Load Word Unsigned
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
        transfer_size = SIZE_LONG;
        break;
  case 34: // Load Word Left
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
        transfer_size = SIZE_LONG;
        direction = -1;
        break;
  case 38: // Load Word Right
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
        transfer_size = SIZE_LONG;
        direction = 1;
        break;
  case 55: // Load Doubleword
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
        transfer_size = SIZE_QUAD;
        break;
  case 26: // Load Doubleword Left
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
        transfer_size = SIZE_QUAD;
        direction = -1;
        break;
  case 27: // Load Doubleword Right
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
        transfer_size = SIZE_QUAD;
        direction = 1;
        break;
  case 40: // Store Byte
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE;
        transfer_size = SIZE_BYTE;
        break;
  case 41: // Store Halfword
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE;
        transfer_size = SIZE_WORD;
        break;
  case 43: // Store Word
  case 42: // Store Word Left
  case 46: // Store Word Right
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE;
        transfer_size = SIZE_LONG;
        break;
  case 63: // Store Doubleword
  case 44: // Store Doubleword Left
  case 45: // Store Doubleword Right
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE;
        transfer_size = SIZE_QUAD;
        break;
  /* Misc instructions unlikely to be used within CPU emulators */
  case 48: // Load Linked Word
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
        transfer_size = SIZE_LONG;
        break;
  case 52: // Load Linked Doubleword
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD;
        transfer_size = SIZE_QUAD;
        break;
  case 56: // Store Conditional Word
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE;
        transfer_size = SIZE_LONG;
        break;
  case 60: // Store Conditional Doubleword
        transfer_type = SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_STORE;
        transfer_size = SIZE_QUAD;
        break;
  }

  if (transfer_type == SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_UNKNOWN) {
        // Unknown machine code, let it crash. Then patch the decoder
        return false;
  }

  // Zero target register in case of a load operation
  const int reg = (opcode >> 16) & 0x1f;
  if (transfer_type == SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD) {
        if (direction == 0)
          regs[reg] = 0;
        else {
          // FIXME: untested code
          unsigned long ea = regs[(opcode >> 21) & 0x1f];
          ea += (signed long)(signed int)(signed short)(opcode & 0xffff);
          const int offset = ea & (transfer_size == SIZE_LONG ? 3 : 7);
          unsigned long value;
          if (direction > 0) {
                const unsigned long rmask = ~((1L << ((offset + 1) * 8)) - 1);
                value = regs[reg] & rmask;
          }
          else {
                const unsigned long lmask = (1L << (offset * 8)) - 1;
                value = regs[reg] & lmask;
          }
          // restore most significant bits
          if (transfer_size == SIZE_LONG)
                value = (signed long)(signed int)value;
          regs[reg] = value;
        }
  }

#if DEBUG
#if (defined(_ABIN32) || defined(_ABI64))
  static const char * mips_gpr_names[32] = {
        "zero", "at",   "v0",   "v1",   "a0",   "a1",   "a2",   "a3",
        "t0",   "t1",   "t2",   "t3",   "t4",   "t5",   "t6",   "t7",
        "s0",   "s1",   "s2",   "s3",   "s4",   "s5",   "s6",   "s7",
        "t8",   "t9",   "k0",   "k1",   "gp",   "sp",   "s8",   "ra"
  };
#else
  static const char * mips_gpr_names[32] = {
        "zero", "at",   "v0",   "v1",   "a0",   "a1",   "a2",   "a3",
        "a4",   "a5",   "a6",   "a7",   "t0",   "t1",   "t2",   "t3",
        "s0",   "s1",   "s2",   "s3",   "s4",   "s5",   "s6",   "s7",
        "t8",   "t9",   "k0",   "k1",   "gp",   "sp",   "s8",   "ra"
  };
#endif
  printf("%s %s register %s\n",
                 transfer_size == SIZE_BYTE ? "byte" :
                 transfer_size == SIZE_WORD ? "word" :
                 transfer_size == SIZE_LONG ? "long" :
                 transfer_size == SIZE_QUAD ? "quad" : "unknown",
                 transfer_type == SIGSEGV_TRANSFER_LOAD ? "load to" : "store from",
                 mips_gpr_names[reg]);
#endif

  regs[MIPS_REG_EPC] += 4;
  return true;
}
#endif
#endif

// Fallbacks
#ifndef SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION               SIGSEGV_INVALID_PC
#endif
#ifndef SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST_1
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST_1 SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST
#endif
#ifndef SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_INVOKE
#define SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_INVOKE(ADDR, IP)  sigsegv_fault_handler(ADDR, IP)
#endif

// SIGSEGV recovery supported ?
#if defined(SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS) && defined(SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST) && defined(SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS)
#define HAVE_SIGSEGV_RECOVERY
#endif


/*
 *  SIGSEGV global handler
 */

#if defined(HAVE_SIGSEGV_RECOVERY) || defined(HAVE_MACH_EXCEPTIONS)
// This function handles the badaccess to memory.
// It is called from the signal handler or the exception handler.
static bool handle_badaccess(SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST_1)
{
        sigsegv_address_t fault_address = (sigsegv_address_t)SIGSEGV_FAULT_ADDRESS;
        sigsegv_address_t fault_instruction = (sigsegv_address_t)SIGSEGV_FAULT_INSTRUCTION;
        
        // Call user's handler and reinstall the global handler, if required
        switch (SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_INVOKE(fault_address, fault_instruction)) {
        case SIGSEGV_RETURN_SUCCESS:
                return true;

#if HAVE_SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION
        case SIGSEGV_RETURN_SKIP_INSTRUCTION:
                // Call the instruction skipper with the register file
                // available
                if (SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION(SIGSEGV_REGISTER_FILE)) {
#ifdef HAVE_MACH_EXCEPTIONS
                        // Unlike UNIX signals where the thread state
                        // is modified off of the stack, in Mach we
                        // need to actually call thread_set_state to
                        // have the register values updated.
                        kern_return_t krc;

                        krc = thread_set_state(thread,
                                                                   MACHINE_THREAD_STATE, (thread_state_t)state,
                                                                   MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_COUNT);
                        MACH_CHECK_ERROR (thread_get_state, krc);
#endif
                        return true;
                }
                break;
#endif
        }
        
        // We can't do anything with the fault_address, dump state?
        if (sigsegv_state_dumper != 0)
                sigsegv_state_dumper(fault_address, fault_instruction);

        return false;
}
#endif


/*
 * There are two mechanisms for handling a bad memory access,
 * Mach exceptions and UNIX signals. The implementation specific
 * code appears below. Its reponsibility is to call handle_badaccess
 * which is the routine that handles the fault in an implementation
 * agnostic manner. The implementation specific code below is then
 * reponsible for checking whether handle_badaccess was able
 * to handle the memory access error and perform any implementation
 * specific tasks necessary afterwards.
 */

#ifdef HAVE_MACH_EXCEPTIONS
/*
 * We need to forward all exceptions that we do not handle.
 * This is important, there are many exceptions that may be
 * handled by other exception handlers. For example debuggers
 * use exceptions and the exception hander is in another
 * process in such a case. (Timothy J. Wood states in his
 * message to the list that he based this code on that from
 * gdb for Darwin.)
 */
static inline kern_return_t
forward_exception(mach_port_t thread_port,
                                  mach_port_t task_port,
                                  exception_type_t exception_type,
                                  exception_data_t exception_data,
                                  mach_msg_type_number_t data_count,
                                  ExceptionPorts *oldExceptionPorts)
{
        kern_return_t kret;
        unsigned int portIndex;
        mach_port_t port;
        exception_behavior_t behavior;
        thread_state_flavor_t flavor;
        thread_state_t thread_state;
        mach_msg_type_number_t thread_state_count;

        for (portIndex = 0; portIndex < oldExceptionPorts->maskCount; portIndex++) {
                if (oldExceptionPorts->masks[portIndex] & (1 << exception_type)) {
                        // This handler wants the exception
                        break;
                }
        }

        if (portIndex >= oldExceptionPorts->maskCount) {
                fprintf(stderr, "No handler for exception_type = %d. Not fowarding\n", exception_type);
                return KERN_FAILURE;
        }

        port = oldExceptionPorts->handlers[portIndex];
        behavior = oldExceptionPorts->behaviors[portIndex];
        flavor = oldExceptionPorts->flavors[portIndex];

        /*
         fprintf(stderr, "forwarding exception, port = 0x%x, behaviour = %d, flavor = %d\n", port, behavior, flavor);
         */

        if (behavior != EXCEPTION_DEFAULT) {
                thread_state_count = THREAD_STATE_MAX;
                kret = thread_get_state (thread_port, flavor, thread_state,
                                                                 &thread_state_count);
                MACH_CHECK_ERROR (thread_get_state, kret);
        }

        switch (behavior) {
        case EXCEPTION_DEFAULT:
          // fprintf(stderr, "forwarding to exception_raise\n");
          kret = exception_raise(port, thread_port, task_port, exception_type,
                                                         exception_data, data_count);
          MACH_CHECK_ERROR (exception_raise, kret);
          break;
        case EXCEPTION_STATE:
          // fprintf(stderr, "forwarding to exception_raise_state\n");
          kret = exception_raise_state(port, exception_type, exception_data,
                                                                   data_count, &flavor,
                                                                   thread_state, thread_state_count,
                                                                   thread_state, &thread_state_count);
          MACH_CHECK_ERROR (exception_raise_state, kret);
          break;
        case EXCEPTION_STATE_IDENTITY:
          // fprintf(stderr, "forwarding to exception_raise_state_identity\n");
          kret = exception_raise_state_identity(port, thread_port, task_port,
                                                                                        exception_type, exception_data,
                                                                                        data_count, &flavor,
                                                                                        thread_state, thread_state_count,
                                                                                        thread_state, &thread_state_count);
          MACH_CHECK_ERROR (exception_raise_state_identity, kret);
          break;
        default:
          fprintf(stderr, "forward_exception got unknown behavior\n");
          break;
        }

        if (behavior != EXCEPTION_DEFAULT) {
                kret = thread_set_state (thread_port, flavor, thread_state,
                                                                 thread_state_count);
                MACH_CHECK_ERROR (thread_set_state, kret);
        }

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 * This is the code that actually handles the exception.
 * It is called by exc_server. For Darwin 5 Apple changed
 * this a bit from how this family of functions worked in
 * Mach. If you are familiar with that it is a little
 * different. The main variation that concerns us here is
 * that code is an array of exception specific codes and
 * codeCount is a count of the number of codes in the code
 * array. In typical Mach all exceptions have a code
 * and sub-code. It happens to be the case that for a
 * EXC_BAD_ACCESS exception the first entry is the type of
 * bad access that occurred and the second entry is the
 * faulting address so these entries correspond exactly to
 * how the code and sub-code are used on Mach.
 *
 * This is a MIG interface. No code in Basilisk II should
 * call this directley. This has to have external C
 * linkage because that is what exc_server expects.
 */
kern_return_t
catch_exception_raise(mach_port_t exception_port,
                                          mach_port_t thread,
                                          mach_port_t task,
                                          exception_type_t exception,
                                          exception_data_t code,
                                          mach_msg_type_number_t codeCount)
{
        ppc_thread_state_t state;
        kern_return_t krc;

        if ((exception == EXC_BAD_ACCESS)  && (codeCount >= 2)) {
                if (handle_badaccess(SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS))
                        return KERN_SUCCESS;
        }

        // In Mach we do not need to remove the exception handler.
        // If we forward the exception, eventually some exception handler
        // will take care of this exception.
        krc = forward_exception(thread, task, exception, code, codeCount, &ports);

        return krc;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SIGSEGV_RECOVERY
// Handle bad memory accesses with signal handler
static void sigsegv_handler(SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGLIST)
{
        // Call handler and reinstall the global handler, if required
        if (handle_badaccess(SIGSEGV_FAULT_HANDLER_ARGS)) {
#if (defined(HAVE_SIGACTION) ? defined(SIGACTION_NEED_REINSTALL) : defined(SIGNAL_NEED_REINSTALL))
                sigsegv_do_install_handler(sig);
#endif
                return;
        }

        // Failure: reinstall default handler for "safe" crash
#define FAULT_HANDLER(sig) signal(sig, SIG_DFL);
        SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS
#undef FAULT_HANDLER
}
#endif


/*
 *  SIGSEGV handler initialization
 */

#if defined(HAVE_SIGINFO_T)
static bool sigsegv_do_install_handler(int sig)
{
        // Setup SIGSEGV handler to process writes to frame buffer
#ifdef HAVE_SIGACTION
        struct sigaction sigsegv_sa;
        sigemptyset(&sigsegv_sa.sa_mask);
        sigsegv_sa.sa_sigaction = sigsegv_handler;
        sigsegv_sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
        return (sigaction(sig, &sigsegv_sa, 0) == 0);
#else
        return (signal(sig, (signal_handler)sigsegv_handler) != SIG_ERR);
#endif
}
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_SIGCONTEXT_SUBTERFUGE)
static bool sigsegv_do_install_handler(int sig)
{
        // Setup SIGSEGV handler to process writes to frame buffer
#ifdef HAVE_SIGACTION
        struct sigaction sigsegv_sa;
        sigemptyset(&sigsegv_sa.sa_mask);
        sigsegv_sa.sa_handler = (signal_handler)sigsegv_handler;
        sigsegv_sa.sa_flags = 0;
#if !EMULATED_68K && defined(__NetBSD__)
        sigaddset(&sigsegv_sa.sa_mask, SIGALRM);
        sigsegv_sa.sa_flags |= SA_ONSTACK;
#endif
        return (sigaction(sig, &sigsegv_sa, 0) == 0);
#else
        return (signal(sig, (signal_handler)sigsegv_handler) != SIG_ERR);
#endif
}
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_MACH_EXCEPTIONS)
static bool sigsegv_do_install_handler(sigsegv_fault_handler_t handler)
{
        /*
         * Except for the exception port functions, this should be
         * pretty much stock Mach. If later you choose to support
         * other Mach's besides Darwin, just check for __MACH__
         * here and __APPLE__ where the actual differences are.
         */
#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
        if (sigsegv_fault_handler != NULL) {
                sigsegv_fault_handler = handler;
                return true;
        }

        kern_return_t krc;

        // create the the exception port
        krc = mach_port_allocate(mach_task_self(),
                          MACH_PORT_RIGHT_RECEIVE, &_exceptionPort);
        if (krc != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                mach_error("mach_port_allocate", krc);
                return false;
        }

        // add a port send right
        krc = mach_port_insert_right(mach_task_self(),
                              _exceptionPort, _exceptionPort,
                              MACH_MSG_TYPE_MAKE_SEND);
        if (krc != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                mach_error("mach_port_insert_right", krc);
                return false;
        }

        // get the old exception ports
        ports.maskCount = sizeof (ports.masks) / sizeof (ports.masks[0]);
        krc = thread_get_exception_ports(mach_thread_self(), EXC_MASK_BAD_ACCESS, ports.masks,
                                &ports.maskCount, ports.handlers, ports.behaviors, ports.flavors);
        if (krc != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                mach_error("thread_get_exception_ports", krc);
                return false;
        }

        // set the new exception port
        //
        // We could have used EXCEPTION_STATE_IDENTITY instead of
        // EXCEPTION_DEFAULT to get the thread state in the initial
        // message, but it turns out that in the common case this is not
        // neccessary. If we need it we can later ask for it from the
        // suspended thread.
        //
        // Even with THREAD_STATE_NONE, Darwin provides the program
        // counter in the thread state.  The comments in the header file
        // seem to imply that you can count on the GPR's on an exception
        // as well but just to be safe I use MACHINE_THREAD_STATE because
        // you have to ask for all of the GPR's anyway just to get the
        // program counter. In any case because of update effective
        // address from immediate and update address from effective
        // addresses of ra and rb modes (as good an name as any for these
        // addressing modes) used in PPC instructions, you will need the
        // GPR state anyway.
        krc = thread_set_exception_ports(mach_thread_self(), EXC_MASK_BAD_ACCESS, _exceptionPort,
                                EXCEPTION_DEFAULT, MACHINE_THREAD_STATE);
        if (krc != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                mach_error("thread_set_exception_ports", krc);
                return false;
        }

        // create the exception handler thread
        if (pthread_create(&exc_thread, NULL, &handleExceptions, NULL) != 0) {
                (void)fprintf(stderr, "creation of exception thread failed\n");
                return false;
        }

        // do not care about the exception thread any longer, let is run standalone
        (void)pthread_detach(exc_thread);

        sigsegv_fault_handler = handler;
        return true;
#else
        return false;
#endif
}
#endif

bool sigsegv_install_handler(sigsegv_fault_handler_t handler)
{
#if defined(HAVE_SIGSEGV_RECOVERY)
        bool success = true;
#define FAULT_HANDLER(sig) success = success && sigsegv_do_install_handler(sig);
        SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS
#undef FAULT_HANDLER
        if (success)
            sigsegv_fault_handler = handler;
        return success;
#elif defined(HAVE_MACH_EXCEPTIONS)
        return sigsegv_do_install_handler(handler);
#else
        // FAIL: no siginfo_t nor sigcontext subterfuge is available
        return false;
#endif
}


/*
 *  SIGSEGV handler deinitialization
 */

void sigsegv_deinstall_handler(void)
{
  // We do nothing for Mach exceptions, the thread would need to be
  // suspended if not already so, and we might mess with other
  // exception handlers that came after we registered ours. There is
  // no need to remove the exception handler, in fact this function is
  // not called anywhere in Basilisk II.
#ifdef HAVE_SIGSEGV_RECOVERY
        sigsegv_fault_handler = 0;
#define FAULT_HANDLER(sig) signal(sig, SIG_DFL);
        SIGSEGV_ALL_SIGNALS
#undef FAULT_HANDLER
#endif
}


/*
 *  Set callback function when we cannot handle the fault
 */

void sigsegv_set_dump_state(sigsegv_state_dumper_t handler)
{
        sigsegv_state_dumper = handler;
}


/*
 *  Test program used for configure/test
 */

#ifdef CONFIGURE_TEST_SIGSEGV_RECOVERY
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include "vm_alloc.h"

const int REF_INDEX = 123;
const int REF_VALUE = 45;

static int page_size;
static volatile char * page = 0;
static volatile int handler_called = 0;

#ifdef __GNUC__
// Code range where we expect the fault to come from
static void *b_region, *e_region;
#endif

static sigsegv_return_t sigsegv_test_handler(sigsegv_address_t fault_address, sigsegv_address_t instruction_address)
{
        handler_called++;
        if ((fault_address - REF_INDEX) != page)
                exit(10);
#ifdef __GNUC__
        // Make sure reported fault instruction address falls into
        // expected code range
        if (instruction_address != SIGSEGV_INVALID_PC
                && ((instruction_address <  (sigsegv_address_t)b_region) ||
                        (instruction_address >= (sigsegv_address_t)e_region)))
                exit(11);
#endif
        if (vm_protect((char *)((unsigned long)fault_address & -page_size), page_size, VM_PAGE_READ | VM_PAGE_WRITE) != 0)
                exit(12);
        return SIGSEGV_RETURN_SUCCESS;
}

#ifdef HAVE_SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION
static sigsegv_return_t sigsegv_insn_handler(sigsegv_address_t fault_address, sigsegv_address_t instruction_address)
{
        if (((unsigned long)fault_address - (unsigned long)page) < page_size) {
#ifdef __GNUC__
                // Make sure reported fault instruction address falls into
                // expected code range
                if (instruction_address != SIGSEGV_INVALID_PC
                        && ((instruction_address <  (sigsegv_address_t)b_region) ||
                                (instruction_address >= (sigsegv_address_t)e_region)))
                        return SIGSEGV_RETURN_FAILURE;
#endif
                return SIGSEGV_RETURN_SKIP_INSTRUCTION;
        }

        return SIGSEGV_RETURN_FAILURE;
}

// More sophisticated tests for instruction skipper
static bool arch_insn_skipper_tests()
{
#if (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__)) || defined(__x86_64__)
        static const unsigned char code[] = {
                0x8a, 0x00,                    // mov    (%eax),%al
                0x8a, 0x2c, 0x18,              // mov    (%eax,%ebx,1),%ch
                0x88, 0x20,                    // mov    %ah,(%eax)
                0x88, 0x08,                    // mov    %cl,(%eax)
                0x66, 0x8b, 0x00,              // mov    (%eax),%ax
                0x66, 0x8b, 0x0c, 0x18,        // mov    (%eax,%ebx,1),%cx
                0x66, 0x89, 0x00,              // mov    %ax,(%eax)
                0x66, 0x89, 0x0c, 0x18,        // mov    %cx,(%eax,%ebx,1)
                0x8b, 0x00,                    // mov    (%eax),%eax
                0x8b, 0x0c, 0x18,              // mov    (%eax,%ebx,1),%ecx
                0x89, 0x00,                    // mov    %eax,(%eax)
                0x89, 0x0c, 0x18,              // mov    %ecx,(%eax,%ebx,1)
#if defined(__x86_64__)
                0x44, 0x8a, 0x00,              // mov    (%rax),%r8b
                0x44, 0x8a, 0x20,              // mov    (%rax),%r12b
                0x42, 0x8a, 0x3c, 0x10,        // mov    (%rax,%r10,1),%dil
                0x44, 0x88, 0x00,              // mov    %r8b,(%rax)
                0x44, 0x88, 0x20,              // mov    %r12b,(%rax)
                0x42, 0x88, 0x3c, 0x10,        // mov    %dil,(%rax,%r10,1)
                0x66, 0x44, 0x8b, 0x00,        // mov    (%rax),%r8w
                0x66, 0x42, 0x8b, 0x0c, 0x10,  // mov    (%rax,%r10,1),%cx
                0x66, 0x44, 0x89, 0x00,        // mov    %r8w,(%rax)
                0x66, 0x42, 0x89, 0x0c, 0x10,  // mov    %cx,(%rax,%r10,1)
                0x44, 0x8b, 0x00,              // mov    (%rax),%r8d
                0x42, 0x8b, 0x0c, 0x10,        // mov    (%rax,%r10,1),%ecx
                0x44, 0x89, 0x00,              // mov    %r8d,(%rax)
                0x42, 0x89, 0x0c, 0x10,        // mov    %ecx,(%rax,%r10,1)
                0x48, 0x8b, 0x08,              // mov    (%rax),%rcx
                0x4c, 0x8b, 0x18,              // mov    (%rax),%r11
                0x4a, 0x8b, 0x0c, 0x10,        // mov    (%rax,%r10,1),%rcx
                0x4e, 0x8b, 0x1c, 0x10,        // mov    (%rax,%r10,1),%r11
                0x48, 0x89, 0x08,              // mov    %rcx,(%rax)
                0x4c, 0x89, 0x18,              // mov    %r11,(%rax)
                0x4a, 0x89, 0x0c, 0x10,        // mov    %rcx,(%rax,%r10,1)
                0x4e, 0x89, 0x1c, 0x10,        // mov    %r11,(%rax,%r10,1)
#endif
                0                              // end
        };
        const int N_REGS = 20;
        unsigned long regs[N_REGS];
        for (int i = 0; i < N_REGS; i++)
                regs[i] = i;
        const unsigned long start_code = (unsigned long)&code;
        regs[X86_REG_EIP] = start_code;
        while ((regs[X86_REG_EIP] - start_code) < (sizeof(code) - 1)
                   && ix86_skip_instruction(regs))
                ; /* simply iterate */
        return (regs[X86_REG_EIP] - start_code) == (sizeof(code) - 1);
#endif
        return true;
}
#endif

int main(void)
{
        if (vm_init() < 0)
                return 1;

        page_size = getpagesize();
        if ((page = (char *)vm_acquire(page_size)) == VM_MAP_FAILED)
                return 2;
        
        memset((void *)page, 0, page_size);
        if (vm_protect((char *)page, page_size, VM_PAGE_READ) < 0)
                return 3;
        
        if (!sigsegv_install_handler(sigsegv_test_handler))
                return 4;
        
#ifdef __GNUC__
        b_region = &&L_b_region1;
        e_region = &&L_e_region1;
#endif
 L_b_region1:
        page[REF_INDEX] = REF_VALUE;
        if (page[REF_INDEX] != REF_VALUE)
          exit(20);
        page[REF_INDEX] = REF_VALUE;
 L_e_region1:

        if (handler_called != 1)
                return 5;

#ifdef HAVE_SIGSEGV_SKIP_INSTRUCTION
        if (!sigsegv_install_handler(sigsegv_insn_handler))
                return 6;
        
        if (vm_protect((char *)page, page_size, VM_PAGE_READ | VM_PAGE_WRITE) < 0)
                return 7;
        
        for (int i = 0; i < page_size; i++)
                page[i] = (i + 1) % page_size;
        
        if (vm_protect((char *)page, page_size, VM_PAGE_NOACCESS) < 0)
                return 8;
        
#define TEST_SKIP_INSTRUCTION(TYPE) do {                                \
                const unsigned long TAG = 0x12345678 |                  \
                (sizeof(long) == 8 ? 0x9abcdef0UL << 31 : 0);   \
                TYPE data = *((TYPE *)(page + sizeof(TYPE)));   \
                volatile unsigned long effect = data + TAG;             \
                if (effect != TAG)                                                              \
                        return 9;                                                                       \
        } while (0)
        
#ifdef __GNUC__
        b_region = &&L_b_region2;
        e_region = &&L_e_region2;
#endif
 L_b_region2:
        TEST_SKIP_INSTRUCTION(unsigned char);
        TEST_SKIP_INSTRUCTION(unsigned short);
        TEST_SKIP_INSTRUCTION(unsigned int);
        TEST_SKIP_INSTRUCTION(unsigned long);
 L_e_region2:

        if (!arch_insn_skipper_tests())
                return 20;
#endif

        vm_exit();
        return 0;
}
#endif
Revision:	1.38
Committed:	2003-12-20T10:06:18Z (20 years, 10 months ago) by gbeauche
Branch:	MAIN
Changes since 1.37:	+167 -0 lines
Log Message:	MIPS instruction skipper. TODO: check LWL/LWR semantics.