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Basilisk II, Version 0.8 |
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A free, portable Mac II emulator |
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Basilisk II |
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A 68k Macintosh emulator |
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Copyright (C) 1997-2000 Christian Bauer et al. |
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Freely distributable |
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Copyright (C) 1997-2002 Christian Bauer et al. |
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License |
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Overview |
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-------- |
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Basilisk II is a free, portable, Open Source 68k Mac emulator. It requires |
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a copy of a Mac ROM and a copy of MacOS to run. Basilisk II is freeware and |
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distributed under the GNU General Public License. |
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Basilisk II is an Open Source 68k Macintosh emulator. That is, it enables |
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you to run 68k MacOS software on you computer, even if you are using a |
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different operating system. However, you still need a copy of MacOS and |
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a Macintosh ROM image to use Basilisk II. |
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Basilisk II has currently been ported to the following systems: |
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- BeOS R4 (PowerPC and x86) |
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- Unix (tested under Linux, Solaris 2.5, FreeBSD 3.x, NetBSD 1.4.2 and |
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- Unix (tested under Linux, Solaris 2.x, FreeBSD 3.x, NetBSD 1.4.x and |
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IRIX 6.5) |
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- AmigaOS 3.x |
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- Windows NT 4.0 (mostly works under Windows 95/98, too) |
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- Mac OS X 10.1 |
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Some features of Basilisk II: |
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- Emulates either a Mac Classic (which runs MacOS 0.x thru 7.5) |
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BeOS: |
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/boot/home/config/settings/BasiliskII_prefs |
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Unix: |
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Unix, Mac OS X: |
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~/.basilisk_ii_prefs |
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AmigaOS: |
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This item describes one MacOS volume to be mounted by Basilisk II. |
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There can be multiple "disk" lines in the preferences file. Basilisk II |
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can handle hardfiles (byte-per-byte images of HFS volumes in a file on |
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the host system) as well as HFS partitions on hard disks etc. (but Basilisk |
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II doesn't know about MacOS partition tables; it relies on the host OS to |
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handle this). The "volume description" is either the pathname of a hardfile |
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or a platform-dependant description of an HFS partition or drive. If the |
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volume description starts with an asterisk ("*"), the volume is write |
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protected for MacOS (and the "*" is discarded). |
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the host system), HFS partitions on hard disks etc., and MacOS-partitioned |
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disks (it can only access the first partition, though). The "volume |
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description" is either the pathname of a hardfile or a platform-dependant |
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description of an HFS partition or drive. If the volume description is |
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prefixed by an asterisk ("*"), the volume is write protected for MacOS. |
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Basilisk II can also handle some types of Mac "disk image" files directly, |
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as long as they are uncompressed and unencoded. |
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BeOS: |
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To specify an HFS partition, simply specify its path (e.g. |
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"/dev/disk/scsi/0/1/0/0_3"). If you don't specify any volume, Basilisk II |
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"/dev/disk/scsi/0/1/0/0_3"). If you don't specify any volumes, Basilisk II |
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will search for and use all available HFS partitions. |
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Unix: |
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To specify an HFS partition, simply specify its path (e.g. |
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"/dev/sda5"). |
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To specify an HFS partition, simply specify its path (e.g. "/dev/sda5"). |
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If you want to access a MacOS-partitioned hard disk or removable volume |
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(Jaz, Zip etc.) and your operating system doesn't understand MacOS |
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partition tables, you can specify the block device name (e.g. "/dev/sda") |
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to access the first HFS partition on the device. Under Linux, if you |
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don't specify any volumes, Basilisk II will search /etc/fstab for |
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unmounted HFS partitions and use these. |
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AmigaOS: |
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Partitions/drives are specified in the following format: |
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This item specifies the root directory for the "Host Directory Tree" |
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file system (the "Unix/BeOS/Amiga/..." icon on the Finder desktop). |
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All objects contained in that directory are accessible by Mac applications. |
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This feature is only available when File System Manager V1.2 or later |
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is installed on the Mac side. FSM 1.2 is built-in beginning with MacOS 7.6 |
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and can be installed as a system extension (downloadable from Apple, look |
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screen <video mode> |
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This item describes the type of video display to be used by Basilisk II. |
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If you are using a Mac Classic ROM, the display is always 1-bit 512x342 |
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and this item is ignored. The format of the "video mode" is platform |
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specific. |
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This item describes the type of video display to be used by default for |
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Basilisk II. If you are using a Mac Classic ROM, the display is always |
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1-bit 512x342 and this item is ignored. The format of the "video mode" is |
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platform specific. |
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BeOS: |
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The "video mode" is one of the following: |
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Unix: |
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The "video mode" is one of the following: |
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win/<width>/<height> |
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Color display in an X11 window of the given size. The color depth |
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(8/15/24 bit) depends on the depth of the underlying X11 screen. |
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This is the default. |
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Color display in an X11 window of the given size. There are several |
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resolutions and color depths available. The set of color depths |
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depends on the capabilities of the X11 server, the operating system, |
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and Basilisk II compile-time options, but 1 bit and the default depth |
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of the X11 screen should always be available. |
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dga/<width>/<height> |
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[if Basilisk II was configured with --enable-xf86-dga] |
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Full-screen display using the XFree86 DGA extension. The color depth |
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application via Alt-Tab, Basilisk II is put in "snooze" mode (i.e. MacOS |
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is frozen). |
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Mac OS X: |
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The "video mode" is one of the following: |
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win/<width>/<height> |
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win/<width>/<height>/<bits per pixel> |
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A refreshed (and buffered) [and very slow] Quartz window. |
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The default <bits> is 32, which is the only depth currently supported. |
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full/<width>/<height> |
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full/<width>/<height>/<bits per pixel> |
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A CGDirectDisplay full screen mode. <bits> can currently be 8, 16 or 32. |
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If not specified, the default is 32. There is currently no way to switch |
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between the Mac OS X and Basilisk II display, but Apple-Option-Escape |
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instantly and safely terminates the Basilisk II program. |
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opengl/<width>/<height> |
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opengl/<width>/<height>/<bits per pixel> |
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Currently unimplemented, will be a fast windowed mode. |
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seriala <serial port description> |
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This item describes the serial port to be used as Port A (Modem Port) |
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is not available and this setting is ignored. The "ethernet card description" |
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is a platform-dependant description of an ethernet card. |
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General note: To use TCP/IP from MacOS, you should assign a different IP |
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address to the MacOS (entered into the MacOS TCP/IP (or MacTCP) control |
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panel). Otherwise there will be confusion about which operating system will |
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handle incoming packets. |
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BeOS: |
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It doesn't matter what you give as "ethernet card description", Basilisk II |
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will always use the first Ethernet card it finds as long an an "ether" |
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line exists (e.g. say "ether yes"). As Basilisk II requires the sheep_net |
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net server add-on from SheepShaver, you can only use Ethernet on PowerPC |
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machines. |
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line exists (e.g. say "ether yes"). Using Ethernet requires the "sheep_net" |
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Net Server add-on to be installed. The first time you start Basilisk II |
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with Ethernet enabled you will be asked whether it's OK to make the |
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necessary changes to your BeOS network configuration to enable sheep_net. |
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Linux: |
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The "ethernet card description" is the name of an Ethernet interface. |
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There are two approaches to networking with Basilisk II: |
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1. Direct access to an Ethernet card via the "sheep_net" driver. |
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In this case, the "ethernet card description" must be the name |
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of a real Ethernet card, e.g. "eth0". It also requires the "sheep_net" |
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driver to be installed and accessible. This approach will allow you |
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to run all networking protocols under MacOS (TCP/IP, AppleTalk, IPX |
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etc.) but there is no connection between Linux networking and MacOS |
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networking. MacOS will only be able to talk to other machines on |
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the Ethernet, but not to other networks that your Linux box routes |
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(e.g. a second Ethernet or a PPP connection to the Internet). |
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1. Direct access to an Ethernet card via the "sheep_net" kernel module. |
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The "ethernet card description" must be the name of a real Ethernet |
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card, e.g. "eth0". |
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|
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The sheep_net module is included in the Basilisk II source |
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distribution in the directory "src/Unix/Linux/NetDriver". You have |
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to compile and install the module yourself: |
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$ su |
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[enter root password] |
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# make |
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# make dev |
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[this will create a /dev/sheep_net device node; you should give |
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appropriate access rights to the user(s) running Basilisk II] |
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# insmod sheep_net.o |
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If you copy the sheep_net.o module to a place where it can be found |
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by the kernel module loader ("/lib/modules/<version>/kernel/drivers/net" |
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for 2.4 kernels) and add the line |
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|
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alias char-major-10-198 sheep_net |
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to "/etc/modules.conf", the kernel should be able to load the module |
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automatically when Basilisk II is started. |
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|
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The sheep_net module will allow you to run all networking protocols |
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under MacOS (TCP/IP, AppleTalk, IPX etc.) but there is no connection |
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between Linux networking and MacOS networking. MacOS will only be |
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able to talk to other machines on the Ethernet, but not to other |
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networks that your Linux box routes (e.g. a second Ethernet or a PPP |
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connection to the Internet). |
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2. Putting Basilisk II on a virtual Ethernet via the "ethertap" device. |
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In this case, the "ethernet card description" must be the name |
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of an ethertap interface, e.g. "tap0". It also requires that you |
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configure your kernel to enable routing and the ethertap device: |
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configure your kernel to enable routing and ethertap support: |
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under "Networking options", enable "Kernel/User netlink socket" and |
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"Netlink device emulation", under "Network device support", activate |
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"Ethertap network tap". You also have to modify devices/net/ethertap.c |
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"Ethertap network tap". You also have to modify drivers/net/ethertap.c |
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a bit before compiling the new kernel: |
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- insert "#define CONFIG_ETHERTAP_MC 1" near the top (after the |
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your network administrator about the nets and zones you can use |
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(instead of the ones given in the example above). |
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FreeBSD: |
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The "ethertap" method described above also works under FreeBSD, but since |
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no-one has found the time to write a section for this manual, you're on |
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your own here... |
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|
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AmigaOS: |
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You have to specify the name of the SANA-II Ethernet device and the device |
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unit as "<device name>/<unit>" (e.g. "ariadne.device/0"). If the given |
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not an Ethernet device, Basilisk II will display a warning message and |
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disable Ethernet networking. |
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See the next item for an alternative way to do networking with Basilisk II. |
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udptunnel <"true" or "false"> |
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Setting this to "true" enables a special network mode in which all network |
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packets sent by MacOS are tunnelled over UDP using the host operating |
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system's native TCP/IP stack. This can only be used to connect computers |
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running Basilisk II (and not, for example, for connecting to the Internet |
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or an AppleShare server running on a real Mac), but it is probably the |
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easiest way to set up a network between two instances of Basilisk II |
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because the UDP tunnelling doesn't require any special kernel modules or |
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network add-ons. It relies on IP broadcasting, however, so its range is |
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limited. It should be fine though for doing a little file sharing or |
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playing Spectre. |
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|
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udpport <IP port number> |
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This item specifies the IP port number to use for the "UDP Tunnel" mode. |
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The default is 6066. |
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|
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rom <ROM file path> |
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This item specifies the file name of the Mac ROM file to be used by |
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modelid <MacOS model ID> |
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Specifies the Model ID that Basilisk II should report to MacOS. |
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The default is "5" which corresponds to a Mac IIci. If you want to |
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run MacOS 8, you have to set this to "14" (Quadra 900). Other values |
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are not officially supported and may result in crashes. MacOS versions |
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earlier than 7.5 may only run with the Model ID set to "5". If you are |
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using a Mac Classic ROM, the model is always "Mac Classic" and this |
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setting is ignored. |
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Specifies the Macintosh model ID that Basilisk II should report to MacOS. |
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The default is "5" which corresponds to a Mac IIci. If you want to run |
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MacOS 8, you have to set this to "14" (Quadra 900). Other values are not |
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officially supported and may result in crashes. MacOS versions earlier |
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than 7.5 may only run with the Model ID set to "5". If you are using a Mac |
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Classic ROM, the model is always "Mac Classic" and this setting is |
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ignored. |
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nosound <"true" or "false"> |
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the number of key events sent to MacOS for each wheel movement (the |
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number of lines to scroll). |
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ignoresegv <"true" or "false"> |
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Set this to "true" to ignore illegal memory accesses. The default |
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is "false". This feature is only implemented on the following |
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platforms: Linux/x86. |
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|
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AmigaOS: |
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sound <sound output description> |
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ahi/<hexadecimal mode ID> |
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scsimemtype <type> |
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|
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This item controls the type of memory to use for SCSI buffers. Possible |
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values are: |
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0 Chip memory |
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1 24-bit DMA capable memory |
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2 Any memory |
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|
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Be warned that many SCSI host adapters will not work with the "Any memory" |
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setting. Basilisk II has no way of knowing which memory type is supported |
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by the host adapter and setting an unsupported type will result in data |
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corruption. |
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|
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Windows: |
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|
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noscsi <"true" or "false"> |
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means is that the control is not returned to the application until the |
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command is completely finished. Normally this is not an issue, but when a |
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CDR/CDRW is closed or erased the burner program typically wants to wait in |
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some progress dialog The result may be that the application reports a |
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some progress dialog the result may be that the application reports a |
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time-out error, but the operation completes all right anyway. |
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|
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nofloppyboot <"true" or "false"> |
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This is very useful since many devices have almost identical ATAPI and SCSI |
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versions of their hardware, and MacOS applications usually support the SCSI |
| 629 |
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version only. The example below is typical: |
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|
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replacescsi "HP" "CD-Writer+ 7100" "PHILIPS" "CDD3600" |
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|
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Note the use of quotes. |
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|
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rightmouse <0/1> |
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and some other need it to be turned off. Consult the documentation |
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of your CD software to learn which one is optimal for you. |
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|
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framesleepticks <milliseconds> |
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framesleepticks <milliseconds> |
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|
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The amount of time between video frames. |
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|
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|
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stickymenu <true/false> |
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|
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If true, the main menu bar is kept open even after the mouse button is released, |
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under all OS versions (OS 8 has this feature already). There are extensions to do |
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the same thing, but it's faster to handle this in native code. |
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Default is "true". |
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If true, the main menu bar is kept open even after the mouse button is |
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released, under all OS versions (OS 8 has this feature already). There |
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are extensions to do the same thing, but it's faster to handle this in |
| 670 |
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native code. Default is "true". |
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|
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ntdx5hack <"true" or "false"> |
| 673 |
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|
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You may need this on NT if your display adapter driver has a bug in DirectX |
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palette support. Black and white are reversed. It fixes the palette issue |
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by using GDI palette instead of D3D palette. Default is false. |
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You may need this on NT if your display adapter driver has a bug in |
| 675 |
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DirectX palette support. Black and white are reversed. It fixes the |
| 676 |
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palette issue by using GDI palette instead of D3D palette. Default is |
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false. |
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|
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Usage |
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On PC-style keyboards, "Alt" is the Mac "Command" key, while the "Windows" |
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key is the Mac "Option" key. |
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|
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Mouse: |
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Under Unix, pressing Ctrl-F5 while the Basilisk II window is active will |
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grab the mouse. This is needed for compatibility with some MacOS programs, |
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especially games such as flight simulators. Press Ctrl-F5 again to return |
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to normal mouse operation. |
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|
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Floppy: |
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Basilisk II can only handle 1.44MB MFM floppies. Depending on your platform, |
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flopyy disk changes might not be detected automatically. Under Linux, press |
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> |
floppy disk changes might not be detected automatically. Under Unix, press |
| 711 |
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Ctrl-F1 to mount a floppy. Under BeOS, select the appropriate "Mount" menu |
| 712 |
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item or press Ctrl-F1 to mount a floppy. Under Windows, press Ctrl-Shift-F11. |
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|
| 714 |
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HFS partitions: |
| 715 |
|
Having HFS partitions mounted for read-write access under Basilisk II while |
| 716 |
|
they are also mounted on the host OS will most likely result in volume |
| 717 |
< |
corruption and data losses. Unmount your HFS volumes before starting |
| 717 |
> |
corruption and data loss. Unmount your HFS volumes before starting |
| 718 |
|
Basilisk II. |
| 719 |
|
|
| 720 |
|
ZIP drives: |
| 733 |
|
ROM. Also, the video display is fixed to 512x342 in monochrome. The AmigaOS |
| 734 |
|
and BeOS/PPC versions of Basilisk II cannot do Mac Classic emulation. |
| 735 |
|
|
| 736 |
+ |
Video resolution switching: |
| 737 |
+ |
Run-time switching of video resolutions requires the Display Manager. This |
| 738 |
+ |
is included in MacOS versions 7.6 and above, and available as a system |
| 739 |
+ |
extension for earlier MacOS versions as a free download from ftp.apple.com |
| 740 |
+ |
(look for "Display Software 2.x"). Click on "Options..." in the "Monitors" |
| 741 |
+ |
control panel to select the resolution. |
| 742 |
+ |
|
| 743 |
|
Sound output: |
| 744 |
|
Sound output under Basilisk II requires Sound Manager 3.0 or later. This |
| 745 |
< |
is included starting with MacOS 7.5 and available as a system extension |
| 746 |
< |
for earlier MacOS versions. Sample rate, bit resolution and mono/stereo |
| 747 |
< |
can be selected in the Sound control panel (section "Sound Out"). |
| 745 |
> |
is included in MacOS versions 7.5 and above, and available as a system |
| 746 |
> |
extension for earlier MacOS versions as a free download from ftp.apple.com. |
| 747 |
> |
Sample rate, bit resolution and mono/stereo can be selected in the Sound |
| 748 |
> |
control panel (section "Sound Out"). |
| 749 |
|
|
| 750 |
|
Ethernet: |
| 751 |
|
Basilisk II supports all Ethernet protocols. Running a protocol under |
| 752 |
|
Basilisk II that already runs within the host operating system on the same |
| 753 |
|
network card (e.g. running MacTCP under Basilisk II on a BeOS machine) may |
| 754 |
|
or may not work (generally, it should work, but some specific things like |
| 755 |
< |
"ping" may not). If you have problems with FTP, try setting your FTP client |
| 755 |
> |
"ping" may not). If you have problems with FTP, try setting the FTP client |
| 756 |
|
to passive mode. |
| 757 |
|
|
| 758 |
|
LocalTalk: |
| 762 |
|
|
| 763 |
|
Serial: |
| 764 |
|
You can use the serial ports in Basilisk II to connect to the Internet |
| 765 |
< |
with a modem and "MacPPP". |
| 765 |
> |
with a modem and the "MacPPP" or "Open Transport/PPP" software. |
| 766 |
|
|
| 767 |
|
|
| 768 |
|
Technical Documentation |
| 774 |
|
Acknowledgements |
| 775 |
|
---------------- |
| 776 |
|
|
| 777 |
< |
Contributions by: |
| 662 |
< |
- Bernd Schmidt <crux@pool.informatik.rwth-aachen.de>: UAE 68k emulation |
| 663 |
< |
- Marc Hellwig <Marc.Hellwig@uni-mainz.de>: audio output, BeOS video code |
| 664 |
< |
and networking |
| 665 |
< |
- Lauri Pesonen <lpesonen@nic.fi>: Windows NT port |
| 777 |
> |
Contributions by (in alphabetical order): |
| 778 |
|
- Orlando Bassotto <future@powercube.mediabit.net>: FreeBSD support |
| 779 |
< |
- Brian J. Johnson <bjohnson@sgi.com>: IRIX support |
| 779 |
> |
- Gwenolé Beauchesne <gb@dial.oleane.com>: SPARC assembly optimizations, |
| 780 |
> |
lots of work on the Unix video code |
| 781 |
|
- Marc Chabanas <Marc.Chabanas@france.sun.com>: Solaris sound support |
| 782 |
+ |
- Marc Hellwig <Marc.Hellwig@uni-mainz.de>: audio output, BeOS video code |
| 783 |
+ |
and networking |
| 784 |
|
- Bill Huey <billh@mag.ucsd.edu>: 15/16 bit DGA and 15/16/32 bit X11 |
| 785 |
|
window support |
| 786 |
< |
- David Lawrence <davidl@jlab.org>: incremental window refresh code |
| 786 |
> |
- Brian J. Johnson <bjohnson@sgi.com>: IRIX support |
| 787 |
> |
- Jürgen Lachmann <juergen_lachmann@t-online.de>: AmigaOS CyberGraphX support |
| 788 |
|
- Samuel Lander <blair_sp@hotmail.com>: tile-based window refresh code |
| 789 |
< |
- Gwenole Beauchesne <gb@dial.oleane.com>: SPARC assembly optimizations and |
| 790 |
< |
fbdev video code |
| 789 |
> |
- David Lawrence <davidl@jlab.org>: incremental window refresh code |
| 790 |
> |
- Nigel Pearson <nigel@ind.tansu.com.au>: Mac OS X port |
| 791 |
> |
- Lauri Pesonen <lpesonen@nic.fi>: Windows NT port |
| 792 |
> |
- Bernd Schmidt <crux@pool.informatik.rwth-aachen.de>: UAE 68k emulation |
| 793 |
|
- and others... |
| 794 |
|
|
| 795 |
|
Special thanks to: |
| 807 |
|
<Christian.Bauer@uni-mainz.de> |
| 808 |
|
for inclusion in the next release of Basilisk II. |
| 809 |
|
|
| 810 |
+ |
If you don't have a fix, you should post a bug report using the Source Forge |
| 811 |
+ |
bug tracker, supplying as much information as possible (operating system and |
| 812 |
+ |
versions of Basilisk II and MacOS being used, relevant hardware information, |
| 813 |
+ |
the exact steps to reproduce the bug, etc.): |
| 814 |
+ |
http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=2123&atid=102123 |
| 815 |
+ |
|
| 816 |
+ |
I also strongly suggest reading this before posting a bug report: |
| 817 |
+ |
http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html |
| 818 |
+ |
|
| 819 |
|
|
| 820 |
|
Author |
| 821 |
|
------ |
| 822 |
|
|
| 823 |
< |
You can contact me at <Christian.Bauer@uni-mainz.de>. Don't send bug |
| 824 |
< |
reports, send fixes. Ports to other platforms are also very welcome. |
| 825 |
< |
Please contact me before you intend to make major changes to the source. |
| 826 |
< |
You might be working on something that I have already done or I may have |
| 827 |
< |
different ideas about the Right Way to do it. |
| 828 |
< |
|
| 829 |
< |
Questions about ROM files will not be answered. There is also no point in |
| 830 |
< |
sending me questions etc. that are specific to the Windows port of |
| 831 |
< |
Basilisk II. I don't have Windows and can't say anything about that. |
| 832 |
< |
Ask Lauri Pesonen instead. |
| 823 |
> |
You can contact me at <Christian.Bauer@uni-mainz.de>, but please don't do |
| 824 |
> |
so unless absolutely necessary. I'm maintaining Basilisk II in my spare |
| 825 |
> |
time and am not able to provide technical support for everyone. If you have |
| 826 |
> |
questions, consider posting them to one of the support forums mentioned |
| 827 |
> |
below. |
| 828 |
> |
|
| 829 |
> |
You are encouraged to contact me personally when |
| 830 |
> |
- you have bug fixes or small enhancements for the code |
| 831 |
> |
- you want to port Basilisk II to another platform |
| 832 |
> |
- you want to discuss technical issues |
| 833 |
> |
- you intend to make major changes to the source; you might be working on |
| 834 |
> |
something that I have already done, or I may have different ideas about |
| 835 |
> |
the Right Way to do it |
| 836 |
> |
|
| 837 |
> |
There is no point in sending me questions about |
| 838 |
> |
- ROM files and how/where to get them |
| 839 |
> |
- versions of Basilisk II that run on operating systems other than Unix, |
| 840 |
> |
BeOS and AmigaOS. If you are using any other operating system, there's |
| 841 |
> |
no point in asking me how to to X or why Y doesn't work because I won't |
| 842 |
> |
know either. Instead, you should look in the "Acknowledgements" section |
| 843 |
> |
of this manual to find the person responsible. For example, if your |
| 844 |
> |
question is specific to the Windows operating system, ask Lauri Pesonen. |
| 845 |
> |
I don't have Windows and can't answer your questions and I'm too lazy to |
| 846 |
> |
forward mail to Lauri myself. In any case, it would probably be better |
| 847 |
> |
to post your questions to a public forum as it will get a much wider |
| 848 |
> |
audience there. |
| 849 |
|
|
| 850 |
|
|
| 851 |
|
Support |
| 854 |
|
The official Basilisk II home page is at |
| 855 |
|
http://www.uni-mainz.de/~bauec002/B2Main.html |
| 856 |
|
|
| 857 |
< |
There is no user-level support for Basilisk II at the moment. |
| 857 |
> |
The Basilisk II project page on SourceForge is at |
| 858 |
> |
http://sourceforge.net/projects/basilisk/ |
| 859 |
> |
|
| 860 |
> |
If you have problems, you may want to visit the Basilisk II forums: |
| 861 |
> |
http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=2123 |
| 862 |
> |
|
| 863 |
> |
There is also a mailing list for Basilisk II users: |
| 864 |
> |
http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/basilisk-user |
| 865 |
> |
|
| 866 |
> |
And another mailing list for Basilisk II developers: |
| 867 |
> |
http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/basilisk-devel |
| 868 |
> |
|
| 869 |
> |
Some general advice about asking technical support questions can be found at |
| 870 |
> |
http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html |
| 871 |
> |
|
| 872 |
> |
Keeping this in mind will greatly increase your chances of getting a useful |
| 873 |
> |
answer. |
| 874 |
|
|
| 875 |
|
|
| 876 |
|
History |
